Analog Electronics is one of the most scoring subjects in the GATE ECE and EE exams. With concepts ranging from diodes and transistors to operational amplifiers and feedback systems, mastering this topic strengthens circuit analysis skills and boosts overall marks.
Analog Circuits Notes for Gate 2026
1. Basic Circuit Concepts
Series & Parallel Circuits
- Calculation of equivalent resistance
- Current and voltage distributions
- Useful for diode, BJT, and MOSFET analysis
- Foundation of all network analysis
- Essential for nodal and mesh-based DC analysis
2. Diode Circuits
Types of Diode Problems
- Single diode circuits
- Multiple diode decision-making rules
Transfer Characteristics
- V-I relationship
- Graphical and analytical interpretation
Special Circuits
- Clamper circuits
- Peak detector with load
- Full-wave rectifier & Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
3. MOSFET Basics and Analysis
Regions of Operation
- Cutoff
- Triode
- Saturation
All three regions explained with equations and graphical understanding.
DC Analysis Procedure
- Identifying region
- Applying KCL/KVL
- Solving for ID and VDS
MOSFET in Series & Parallel
- Current distribution
- Voltage division rules
Current Mirrors (NMOS / PMOS)
- Constant current generation
- MOS mirror configurations
4. BJT Analysis (DC & AC)
DC Analysis with NPN/PNP
- Step-by-step solving procedure
- Load line, operating point (Q-point)
Purpose of Biasing
- Stability
- Temperature compensation
- Operating in active region
Current Mirror (PNP Mirror)
- BJT-based constant current sources
Darlington Pair
- High current gain β
- Applications in amplifiers
5. Amplifiers
Types of Amplifiers
- Voltage amplifier
- Current amplifier
- Transconductance amplifier
- Transresistance amplifier
Single & Parallel Amplifier Circuits
- Gain, input resistance, output resistance
AC Analysis
- CE, CB, CC configurations
- Small-signal parameters
- Hybrid-Ï€ model
Conversion
- How to convert PNP to NPN analysis
- Polarity changes & sign conventions
Bandwidth Calculation
- Cutoff frequencies
- Gain-bandwidth tradeoff
Miller’s Theorem
- High-frequency simplification
- Effective capacitance estimation
6. Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)
Ideal & Practical Characteristics
- Infinite gain
- Infinite input resistance
- Zero output resistance
Differential Amplifier
- Common-mode & differential-mode
- CMRR
Comparators
- Zero-cross detectors
- Window comparators
RC Network with DC Excitation
- Transient response
- Time constants
- Miller effect revisited
7. Feedback & Stability
Positive & Negative Feedback
- Gain with feedback
- Stability
- Error reduction
Schmitt Trigger
- Hysteresis
- Noise immunity
Oscillators
- Barkhausen criteria
- RC and LC oscillators
8. Zener & Special Circuits
Zener Diode
- Voltage regulation
- Load regulation
- Line regulation
9. Additional Analog Concepts
Ï€ Model
- High-frequency transistor modeling
Log & Exponential Amplifiers
- Sensor interface circuits
- Non-linear analog computation
Slew Rate of Op-Amp
- Maximum output voltage change rate
- Limiting factor at high frequencies
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Conclusion
Analog Electronics remains a core scoring subject in GATE. With proper understanding of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, op-amps, and feedback, solving circuit questions becomes straightforward.Use these structured notes for efficient revision and combine them with PYQs to achieve mastery.
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